Soil Quality and Soil Erosion

Contents
Front Matter

Foreword
Berlie Schmidt and George Ham 

Preface
Rattan Lal

Section I: Basic Concepts

Chapter 1. Soil Quality and Food Security: The Global Perspective
R. Lal

Chapter 2. Determinants of Soil Quality and Health
John W. Doran, Alice J. Jones, M.A. Arshad, and J.E. Gilley

Section II: Types of Soil Quality

Chapter 3. Erosion and Soil Chemical Properties
Darrell Norton, Issac Shainberg, Larry Chihacek, and J.J. Edwards

Chapter 4. Impact of Soil Organisms and Organic Matter on Soil Structure
D.E. Stott, A.C. Kennedy, and C.A. Cambardella

Chapter 5. Erosion Impact on Soil Quality and Properties and Model Estimates of Leaching Potential
B. Lowery, G.L. Hart, J.M. Bradford, K.-J.S. Kung, and C. Huang

Section III: Soil Quality Management

Chapter 6. Effects of Long-Term Cropping on Organic Matter Content of Soils: Implications for Soil Quality
T.E. Fenton, J.R. Brown, and M.J. Mausbach

Chapter 7. User of Winter Cover Crops to Conserve Soil and Water Quality in the San Luis Valley of South Central Colorado
J.A. Delgado, R.T. Sparks, R.F. Follett, J.L. Sharkoff, and R.R. Riggenbach

Chapter 8. Soil Quality: Post Conservation Reserve Program Changes with Tillage and Cropping
M.J. Lindstrom, T.E. Schumacher, D.C. Reicocky, and D.L. Beck

Chapter 9. Soil Quality and Environmental Impacts of Dryland Residue Management Systems
O.R. Jones, L.M. Southwick, S.J. Smith, and V.L. Hauser

Chapter 10. Rx for Soil Quality = Long-Term No-Till
Bobby G. Brock 

Chapter 11. Whole-Soil Knowledge and Management: A Foundation of Soil Quality
Robert McCallister and Peter Nowak

Chapter 12. The Effects of Forest Management on Erosion and Soil Productivity
William J. Elliot, Deborah Page-Dumroese, and Peter R. Robichaud

Chapter 13. Rangeland Soil Erosion and Soil Quality: Role of Soil Resistance, Resilience, and Disturbance Regime
J.E. Herrick, M.A. Weltz, J.D. Reeder, G.E. Schuman, and J.R. Simanton

Section IV: Soil Erosion and Productivity

Chapter 14. Relation Between Soil Quality and Erosion
R. Lal, D. Mokma, and B. Lowery

Chapter 15. Erosion Impacts on Crop Yield for Selected Soils of the North Central United States
K.R. Olson, D.L. Mokma, R. Lal, T.E. Schumacher, and M.J. Lindstrom

Chapter 16. Erosion Impact on Soil Quality in the Tropics
R. Lal

Section V: Conclusions

Chapter 17. Applying Soil Quality Concepts for Combating Soil Erosion
R. Lal

Foreword
Berlie Schmidt and George Ham

The midwestern United States includes one of the largest areas of intensively cultivated agricultural cropland in the nation, with large amounts of soil tilled annually to continuous production of corn, soybeans, wheat, and other crops. Soil erosion by water and wind continues to be a major problem on these Midwestern soils, especially when under intensive cropping, which is typical in this region. The National Soil Erosion-Soil Productivity Planning Committee (1981) concluded that, for many soils, soil erosion is occurring at a higher rate than formation, resulting in potentially irreversible losses in soil productivity. According to the National Resources Inventory of 1982, all cropland in the North Central Region of the United States had an overall soil erosion rate in excess of 5 tons/acre/year soil loss tolerance level (T-value), which was established as the maximum level of soil erosion that will permit a high level of crop production to be sustained economically and indefinitely.

The effect of soil erosion on productivity has been recognized as a major agricultural and natural resources issue since 1986 by the directors of the state agricultural experiment stations. A regional research project, North Central Regional Research Project NC-174, Soil Productivity and Erosion, was initiated in 1983 by 11 participating states in the North Central Region, with the objectives of strengthening the scientific foundation for describing the potential crop production of selected soils in the region, predicting changes in their production potential as soil erosion occurs, and evaluating the potential for extrapolating the information to other soils not studied.

From 1983 to 1992, the NC-I74 project research identified and documented the effects of erosion on soil properties and corn and small grain yields under rain-fed conditions. Field experiments were established by all participating states using uniform procedures on soils with slight, moderate, and severe degrees of prior erosion, with data collected on soil properties, crop yields, and climatic parameters. Crop yields obtained on moderately or severely eroded soils were consistently lower than on comparable slightly eroded soils. Following the enlargement of the database on the selected soils, emphasis was placed on selection of management and restoration alternatives. Simulation models were used to identify and quantify the factors limiting crop productivity on these soils and, along with field testing, to evaluate those models for their usefulness in extrapolating these results to related soils.

This Midwest regional team of scientists from the 11 participating states has been instrumental in developing a multidisciplinary and scientifically sound understanding of the relationship between soil erosion and productivity. This research has evaluated practices including cropping systems, soil amendments, tillage, and water management, which can rehabilitate soils degraded by erosion. Factors most frequently limiting the productivity of eroded soils were (1) precipitation, (2) available water-holding capacity, and (3) topsoil depth. Conservation tillage, residue management, and the application of manures and municipal wastes have improved surface characteristics of eroded soils and minimized future erosion. These findings emphasize the critical importance of protecting soil against erosion, since reductions in topsoil depth and water-holding capacity are difficult to restore. Preliminary research by the NC- 174 Committee scientists on restoration of eroded soils has shown that their surface properties can be improved; however, long periods of time are required when using commonly available management practices.

The relationship of soil erosion to crop productivity has been shown and clarified by this research. Soil erosion also has significant economic costs to society. In 1984, estimated monetary loss in the United States from soil erosion was $40 million per year due to loss of cropland productivity; other studies have estimated economic losses due to extra fertilizer costs to restore lost soil from erosion. In addition to productivity and economic losses, erosion can have major effects on the environment and soil quality - issues of increasing national and global concern in recent years. Sediment from soil erosion is one of the largest water pollutants in terms of volume and transports with it, in surface runoff, nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus and agricultural chemicals, pesticides, and animal wastes.

The National Research Council ( 1989) and the State Agricultural Experiment Station Committee on Organization and Policy (1990) both recognized the importance of research on soil erosion for the protection of the environment as well as productivity. Therefore, the objective of the NC- 174 Regional Research Project - to determine the threshold soil property values, including available water-holding capacity, aggregation, bulk density, organic carbon, and infiltration, for restoration of soil productivity and quality of eroded soils - directly relates to the impacts of soil erosion on soil quality, water quality, and air quality. Because of this direct environmental as well as productivity and economic impact of soil erosion, the soil erosion scientists work closely with the researchers in soil quality and other environmental areas. Therefore, the NC-174 Regional Research Committee met and planned jointly with the NCR-59 Regional Research Committee on Soil Organic Matter and Soil Quality and jointly held a symposium on “Soil Quality and Soil Erosion Interaction,” co-sponsored by the Soil and Water Conservation Society. Also, scientists from both groups contributed to a manual entitled Methods for Assessing Soil Quality, published by the Soil Science Society of America in 1996.

The research results and new knowledge being developed by these programs have been published in over 40 refereed publications from 1993 to 1997, as well as the symposium proceedings currently in press. These important investigations will continue to evaluate tillage, soil amendment, and water management effects on soil quality, water quality, air quality, and soil productivity and provide information required for predictive models and determination of threshold soil property values. These data will provide users, practitioners, and policymakers with scientifically based information on the effects of soil erosion on soil productivity and environmental quality.
 

Preface
Rattan Lal

Accelerated soil erosion has plagued the earth since the dawn of settled agriculture. However, it became a major issue in the United States during the 1930s because of the increasing awareness about its adverse impact on sustainable use of natural resources, especially with regard to agricultural productivity. During the 1970s and 198Os, soil erosion was an issue with regard to its impact on water quality with particular reference to nonpoint source pollution. With increasing demand on the limited prime soil resources and shrinking per capita arable land area in densely populated regions of the world, erosion became a global issue during the 1990s with regard to its on-site impact on productivity and agricultural sustainability. However, the on-site impact of erosion remains a debatable issue because of the confounding impact of weather and the compensatory effects of high yields with technological improvements (e.g., new varieties, fertilizer use, soil water conservation) and on depositional sites. It was also during the 1980s and 1990s that soil scientists revisited the concept of soil capability and defined it in terms of soil quality. The importance of developing the concept of soil quality was enhanced because of the need to apply soil science to address the problems of nonagricultural uses of soil (e.g., mineland restoration, urban uses and disposal of urban wastes, soil contamination and pollution by industrial activities, athletic and recreational uses of soil, and environmental regulatory functions with particular reference to water quality and the greenhouse effect). A strong need, therefore, arose to develop appropriate indicators of soil quality in relation to specific soil function (e.g., agricultural, urban, industrial, recreational, athletic, environmental, and waste disposal).

The soil quality concept also has strong application in establishing the cause effect relationship between soil erosion and productivity. Understanding the complex relationship can be simplified by evaluating and quantifying erosion-induced changes in soil quality (e.g., soil physical, chemical, and biological quality).

Two separate regional committees have been conducting research on these two important but interrelated themes. The NC-174 Committee has been working on “Soil Erosion and Productivity” issues since the mid-1980s and NC-59 on “Soil Quality” since the early 1990s. Because of their mutual interest in issues pertaining to sustainability and environmental quality, it was natural that these two committees work together. Therefore, a symposium was organized to review the progress made on soil quality and erosion-induced changes in soil quality and productivity. The Organizing Committee of the symposium included members of both committees (R. Lal, D. Mokma, K. Olson, G. Steinhardt, J. Doran, D. Stott, and C. Rice). The symposium was organized in conjunction with the 5 1st Annual Meeting of the Soil and Water Conservation Society, held at Keystone, Colorado, in July 1996.

This volume is based on the invited and contributory papers presented at the Keystone symposium. The symposium was successful because of the excellent direction provided by Dr. G. Ham and Dr. B. Schmidt, advisors of NC-174 and NC-59 committees. It was their support and visionary direction that provided the incentive for both committees to work together. Most authors produced high-quality manuscripts that included state-of-the-art knowledge on the subject concerned and made the needed revisions to improve scientific quality. However, problems were encountered in submission and revision of some manuscripts, which delayed publication by about a year. Nonetheless, the support and cooperation received from members of the Organizing Committee and from all authors are gratefully acknowledged and much appreciated.

The cooperation and support received from the staff of the Soil and Water Conservation Society was indispensable in preparing this volume. In this regard, special thanks are due to Nancy Hercelius, Tim Kautza, and Sue Ballantine. The logistic support provided by Doug Klein is greatly appreciated.

The tedious task of typing and providing logistic support was done by Ms. Brenda Swank of the School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University. Her tireless efforts are greatly appreciated. As usual, the staff of CRC Press was cooperative and helpful in producing a high-quality volume.